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Fitness assessment of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility,

power, agility, and balance were evaluated by VO2max (ml·kg

-1

·min

-1

), grip strength (kg), sit-ups (reps/min), sit

and reach (cm), vertical jump (cm), side steps (reps/30s),

and standing on one leg with eyes closed (sec), respectively.

The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was

obtained from YMCA submaximal test using a cycle

erogometer (Helmas SH-9600K, Korea). Through gradual

increase of the exercise intensity which was started

150kgm for 3min and increased via YMCA protocol, the

maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was estimated

(Golding, 2000). Also, the heart rate of each subject was

monitored using Polar HR monitor system (Polar S610,

Finland).

Grip strength was evaluated by recording the average (of three measurements) full-strength power (kg)

generated by subjects using a grip strength dynamometer

(Helmas SH-9600D, Korea), which was adjusted to the

second knuckle of their fingers.

The number of sit-ups performed in a 60 second

period was recorded for subjects lying on a sit-up board

(Helmas SH-9600N, Korea), using their upper body only

with their knees bent at right angles and both hands held

behind their necks.

For the sit and reach test, subjects sat on a flexibility measuring instrument (Helmas SH-9600G, Korea)

with their heels positioned at the edge and their knees

pointed upwards, and they bentforward at the waist with

their hands outstretched to push the measuring instrument; the test was administered three times, and the average value was recorded.

Subjects performed a vertical jump three times on

a vertical jump board (Hermas SH-9600F, Korea), and

we recorded the average value in cm.

The side step was measured as follows. Subjects

stood on a board (Helmas SH-9600J, Korea) with a midline (white) in the center of the board. On either side of

the midline was a parallel line (white) 100 cm from the

midline. Initially, subjects stood with both feet on the

midline. They stepped rightwards until their right foot

crossed the right line. Next, they stepped leftwards until

their leftfoot crossed over the midline, and they returned

to the original posture on the midline. Next, they stepped

leftwards until their left foot crossed the left line. To

complete the maneuver, they returned to the midline.

They repeated this maneuver for 30 s, and the total frequency of repeated maneuvers was determined.

To assess the ability to stand on one leg with eyes

closed, subjects closed their eyes and stood on one leg on

a balance measuring instrument (Helmas SH-9600H,

Korea); we administered the test three times and calculated the average time (s) until the second foot touched

the ground.

For cardiovascular function, we evaluated systolic

blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP),

resting heart rate (RHR), double product (DP), and vital

capacity.

After subjects rested comfortably for at least 10

minutes, a nurse practitioner measured SBP and DBP

using a sphygmomanometer (Alpk, Japan) at the right

brachial artery. These values were measured three times,

and the average values weredetermined. Resting heart

rate was determined by attaching a heart rate sensor (Polar S610, Finland) to a subject’s chest for one minute. DP

was determined by SBP X HR. A vital capacity measuring instrument (Helmas SH-9600C, Korea) was attached

to subject’s mouth, and the maximum exhalation value

was determined after a deep breath.