Miért voltak a Brit és Francia gyárak kisebbek mint a német gyárak, és miért használtak elmaradott technológiákat a németekhez képest az I.VH. előtt?

Úgy tudtam hogy a Rúr vidék a világ második legrégebben iparosodott területe volt a Britek után.

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1801 – The first (but still imported) steam engine used in the Ruhr mines was employed in removing water in the Vollmond Mine in Werne (in present-day Bochum).[8] The technician responsible, Franz Dinnendahl, founded a factory in Essen a few years afterwards and manufactured steam engines designed by himself.

1808 – Krupp sells its interest in the Gute Hoffnung Smeltery to a syndicate composed of Gottlob Jacoby, Heinrich Huyssen and the brothers Franz and Gerhard Haniel, who unite a couple of other iron works into the company[12]

1809, 1811 Feudalism of the peasants was lifted by imperial decrees on 11 January 1809 and 13 September 1811.

1811 – In Essen Friedrich Krupp founds a Gussstahl foundry (but soon closes the business).

1811 – In Mülheim Johann Dinnendahl founds a factory to manufacture steam engines, the beginnings of the later Frederick William Smeltery.

1816 – The Bochum Mining College is founded. Leading personnel for the mines are trained there.

1819 – Friedrich Harkort founds his Mechanischen Werkstätten at the castle in Wetter an der Ruhr and manufactures steam engines.

1819 – Friedrich Krupp sets up in business on land outside the actual city of Essen, adjacent to the Limbecker Gate. By 1824, things had gone so badly he had to sell his house on the Flax Market in Essen and move into a house in the works itself. He died in 1826, but the works he established became the location for the later more-successful enterprise.[13]

1827 – In Lünen the Gewerkschaft Eisenhütte "Westphalia" started up business.[14]

1828 – Franz Haniel opens a shipyard in Ruhrort for the construction of steamers.

1837 – a shaft of the Kronprinz Mine (on the boundary of present-day Essen and Mülheim) succeeds for the first time in boring through the overlying chalk seam in the Northern coalfield to reach the coal seams below[15]).

1838 – The Gesellschaft der Hardenbergischen Kohlebergwerke is the first joint stock company in the Ruhr.

1839 – According to the Prussian Regulativ über die Beschäftigung jugendlicher Arbeiter in den Fabriken (regulations on the employment of young workers in factories), the minimum age for child workers is nine years old and their working time is restricted to ten hours a day. Children cannot be employed on Sundays and Bank Holidays or during the night.

1839 – In the Gutehoffnung Smeltery, their first steam locomotive is built – called the Ruhr.

At the end of the 19th century, Malakoff towers were built over the shafts of the deep mines. This picture shows the tower of the Julius-Philipp mine in Bochum South.

Call for the Miners' Strike 1889

1847 – Opening of the Cologne-Minden Railway. It is decisive for the industrial development of the Ruhr and follows the valley of the Emscher, via Duisburg, Oberhausen, Altenessen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Castrop und Dortmund, and from there further to Hamm and via Bielefeld to Minden.

1839 – Even while the railway was still being built in the northern part of the Ruhr, the Cologne banking house of Camphausen und Schaafhausen started to interest themselves in the resulting potential for growth in the Emscherland. The Cologne Mining Association was founded as an early Aktiengesellschaft of Ruhr mines (including shaft mines) in Northern Essen, among them the Carl Mine.

1847 – The first steam locomotive to travel along the Ruhr valley, on the Steele-Vohwinkler Railway

1849 – For the first time in the Ruhr, coke was used for steel production – in the Frederick William Smeltery in Mülheim.

1854 – In Hattingen, the Henrichshütte is founded. Initially, ore is available in the immediate neighborhood. Later the Ruhr Valley Railway transported ore and coal to the works. In Hörde a blast furnace using coke was also employed for the first time. It was meant to work with the local Kohleneisenstein, a mixture of Eisenstein with clay and coal.

1855 – Under the supervision of William Thomas Mulvany the sinking of the first shaft of the Hibernia Mine in Gelsenkirchen is begun. As a technical innovation, tubbings was used for the shaft lining. In the following years, Mulvaney had a hand in the opening of several mines in the Emscherniederung, among them the Shamrock Mine in Herne und the Erin Mine in Castrop. The money came from Irish and Belgian financiers. Their coal was transported over the Cologne-Minden Railway.

1856 – A railway along the right bank of the Rhine connects Oberhausen with Arnhem in the Netherlands.

1857 – The economic crisis of 1857 leads to a drop in sales for coal and steel, with ensuing social effects for employees.

1858 – The Association for Mining Interests in the Head Mining Office District of Dortmund, in short – the mining association, based in Essen, is founded on 17 December.

1862 – The Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft inaugurates their Witten/Dortmund–Oberhausen/Duisburg railway between Witten/Dortmund and Oberhausen/Duisburg as the second important connection between East and West based in the South of the Ruhr.

1862 – In Mülheim an der Ruhr a factory opens for the production of coke briquettes at the Wiesche Mine. It is the first installation of this type in the Ruhr.

1867 – August Thyssen with several relatives founds das Eisenwerk "Thyssen-Foussol & Co." in Duisburg. (This is dissolved in 1870 and a new company founded in Müheim in 1871. Thyssen was involved in several organizations which were only later unified under one holding company)

1869 – The industrialist Alfred Krupp starts building the Villa Hügel in Southern Essen. In the 'Grundbuch der Stadt' he enters the estate as a family house with garden. Four years later, the building is finished.

1870–1871 – The Franco-Prussian War is won by the united German states. Founding of the German Reich.

1871–1873 – The so-called Gründerjahre. The French reparations lead to a building boom. In the Ruhr, numerous mining companies are founded with the help of the capital flowing in from France.

1873 – Crisis (Gründerkrise) – because of speculation by German investors, capital from the French reparations flowed into Ruhr mining companies, without the additional capital requirements from the mine share certificates being covered. Steel production in the Ruhr dropped by 13%.

Development of Demand for Coal in the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Basin during the 19th. Century

1882 – On 24 February 1882 fifteen Rheinish and Westfälish steelworks formed themselves into a cartel to protect themselves from competition.

1889 – A mass strike of miners spreads from Bochum to encompass the entire Ruhr. The workers demand a share in the profits of the companies whose production was stabilising after the years of the Gründerkrise. In the same year, the first permanent miners' union, the "Alten Verband" was founded in Dortmund-Dorstfeld. In 1894, a Christian union was also founded and in 1902 a Polish miners' union.

1892 – The Grillo Theatre is opened in Essen.

1893 – Formation of the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate with its head office in Essen, as an association of a large number of Ruhr mines. Its aim is to regulate production, marketing and prices. Sales are organized at a central point.

1893 – In Essen the first electric tram in Rhine-Ruhr starts operating.

Schiffshebewerk (Boat Lift) on the Dortmund-Ems Canal

1895 – The later Social Democratic Reichstag Member Otto Hue becomes editor of the Berg- und Hüttenarbeiterzeitung of the Alten Bergarbeiterverbandes. Soon Hue, because of his job, becomes known as the Sprecher der Bergarbeiter (speaker for the miners).

1898 – The Rheinisch-Westfälischen Elektrizitätswerke (RWE) is founded.

1899 – The Emscher Cooperative is founded, primarily to deal with drainage and flooding measures in the Ruhr generally.

1899 – The Dortmund-Ems Canal is opened. William II arrives for the official opening of the port of Dortmund and the Henrichenburg boat lift. The canal becomes particularly important for the transporting of imported ore, especially Swedish ore routed via the Norwegian port of Narvik.

Egy ide vágó kérdés:

https://www.gyakorikerdesek.hu/tudomanyok__tarsadalomtudoman..

"German factories were larger and more modern than their British and French counterparts, but the preindustrial sector was more backward."

Ez tudod mit jelent? Kb. olyan termékek amelyeket még Hunyadi Mátyás korában is készítettek Magyarországon.